As for chemical modification of small molecules functionalized gold nanoparticles surface ligands number of determination, and there were no more precise method, it is only by transmission electron microscopy and nitrogen element analysis to get the average value. 对于化学小分子修饰的功能化金纳米颗粒表面配体数目的测定,目前还没有比较精确的方法,只有通过透射电镜与氮元素分析,算出的平均值。